ansible

absible 简介


absible是一款自动化运维工具，基于Python开发，集合了众多运维工具（puppet、cfengine、chef、func、fabric）优点，实现了批量系统配置、批量程序部署、批量运行命令等功能。ansible是基于模块工作，本身没有批量部署的能力。真正具有批量部署的是ansible所运行的模块，ansible只是提供一种框架。主要包括：
（1）连接插件connection plugins：负责和被监控端实现通信；
（2）host inventory ： 指定操作的主机，是一个配置文件里面定义监控的主机；
（3）各种模块核心模块、command模块、自定义模块；
（4）借助于插件完成记录日志邮件等功能；
（5）playbook：剧本执行多个任务时，非必须可以让节点一次运行多个任务
ansible 架构图：


ansible配置

配置文件 说明
/etc/ansible/ansible.cfg ansible主配置文件
etc/ansible/hosts 受控主机清单
环境准备： 安装yum 源
关闭防火墙、关闭selinx
服务器 IP：192.168.169.10
受控主机 IP：192.168.169.30
此处省略，详细配置请翻阅前面的文档

安装ansible
[root@localhost ~]# yum install -y ansible ansible-doc [root@localhost ~]#
ansible --version //查看ansible版本 ansible 2.6.3 config file =
/etc/ansible/ansible.cfg configured module search path = [
u'/root/.ansible/plugins/modules', u'/usr/share/ansible/plugins/modules']
ansible python module location = /usr/lib/python2.7/site-packages/ansible
executable location = /usr/bin/ansible python version =2.7.5 (default, Aug 4
2017, 00:39:18) [GCC 4.8.5 20150623 (Red Hat 4.8.5-16)]
主配置文件说明 /etc/ansible/ansible.cfg
#inventory = /etc/ansible/hosts 主机清单存放位置 #library = /usr/share/my_modules/
ansible 默认搜寻模块的位置 #module_utils = /usr/share/my_module_utils/ #remote_tmp =
~/.ansible/tmp #local_tmp = ~/.ansible/tmp #plugin_filters_cfg =
/etc/ansible/plugin_filters.yml #forks = 5 与主机通信时的默认并行数，默认为5 #poll_interval = 15
#sudo_user = root sudo使用的默认用户，默认是root #ask_sudo_pass = True #ask_pass = True
控制ansible playbook是否会自动弹出密码 #transport = smart #remote_port = 22 远程ssh端口，默认是22
#module_lang = C 模块和系统之间通信的计算机语言，默认是C语言 #module_set_locale = False
主机清单配置 /etc/ansible/hosts
定义主机组，名字可自定义，最好是见名知意
[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/ansible/hosts ..... ## [webservers] 自定义的主机也可以在里面
## alpha.example.org ## beta.example.org ## 192.168.1.100 ## 192.168.1.110
..... 自定义一个组，添加自己加入组的IP地址或者主机名 [web]192.168.169.30 localhost
ansible_connection=local
在使用ansible 之前必须要先做 ssh 免密码登录 ，否则会提示输入密码
在服务器端做openssh 免密码操作
[root@localhost ~]# ssh-keygen -t rsa Generating public/private rsa key pair.
Enter filein which to save the key (/root/.ssh/id_rsa): /root/.ssh/id_rsa
already exists. Overwrite (y/n)? y Enter passphrase (emptyfor no passphrase):
Enter same passphrase again: Your identification has been savedin
/root/.ssh/id_rsa. Yourpublic key has been saved in /root/.ssh/id_rsa.pub.
.....此处省略 [root@localhost ~]# ssh-copy-id root@192.168.169.30 //此处是受控主机IP
/usr/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: Sourceof key(s) to be installed:
"/root/.ssh/id_rsa.pub" /usr/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: attempting to log in with
thenew key(s), to filter out any that are already installed
/usr/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO:1 key(s) remain to be installed -- if you are
prompted now itis to install the new keys root@192.168.169.30's password:
Numberof key(s) added: 1 Now try logging into the machine, with: "ssh
'root@192.168.169.30'" and check to make sure that only the key(s) you wanted
were added.
ansible 常用模块详解

ansible
常用的模块有：ping、yum、template、copy、user、group、service、raw、command、shell、script

ansible raw 、command 、shell 的区别：
shell 模块调用的/bin/sh指令执行
1.command 模块不是调用的shell的指令，所以没有bash’的环境变量

2.raw很多地方和shell类似，更多的地方建议使用shell和command模块。但是如果是3.使用老版本python，需要用到raw，又或者是客户端是路由器，因为没有安装python模块，那就需要使用raw模块了

ansible 常用的模块之ping

ping模块用于检查指定节点机器是否连通，用法简单，不涉及参数，主机如果在线，则回复pong
[root@localhost ~]# ansible all -m ping 192.168.169.30 | SUCCESS => { "changed"
:false, "ping": "pong" }
ansible常用模块之command

command 模块用于在远程主机上执行命令，ansible默认就是使用command模块。
command 模块有一个缺陷就是不能使用管道符和重定向功能
查看受控主机的/opt目录内容
[root@localhost ~]# ansible 192.168.169.30 -a 'ls /opt' 192.168.169.30 |
SUCCESS | rc=0 >> all-20180907.sql //有一个文件 data //有一个data目录
在受控主机的/opt 目录下新建一个文件chens
[root@localhost ~]# ansible 192.168.169.30 -a 'touch /opt/chens' [WARNING]:
Considerusing the file module with state=touch rather than running touch. If
you needto use command because file is insufficient you can add warn=False to
this command taskor set command_warnings=False in ansible.cfg to get rid of
this message.192.168.169.30 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >> //创建成功
* command 模块不支持管道和重定向*
[root@localhost ~]# ansible 192.168.169.30 -a "echo 'helld word'> /opt/chens"
192.168.169.30 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >> helld word> /opt/chens [root@localhost ~]#
ansible 192.168.169.30 -a 'cat /opt/chens' 192.168.169.30 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >> //
没有内容表示不支持
ansible 常用的模块之raw

raw 模块用于在远程主机上执行命令，其支持管道符与重定向
//支持重定向
[root@localhost ~]# ansible 192.168.169.30 -m raw -a 'echo "hello word"
>/opt/chens'192.168.169.30 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >> Shared connection to 192.168.169
.30 closed. [root@localhost ~]# ansible 192.168.169.30 -m raw -a 'cat
/opt/chens'192.168.169.30 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >> hello word Shared connection to
192.168.169.30 closed.
ansible常用的模块之shell

shell模块用于在受控主机上执行受控主机上的脚本，也可以直接在受控主机上执行命令，shell模块支持管道与重定向
查看受控主机上的脚本
[root@localhost chens]# ls chen.sh [root@localhost ~]# ansible 192.168.169.30
-m shell -a '/bin/bash /root/chens/chen.sh' 192.168.169.30 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >> 1
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
ansible 常用的模块之script

script模块用于在受控主机上执行主控机的脚本
在主控机上的脚本
[root@localhost opt]# ls chens.sh [root@localhost opt]# ansible 192.168.169.30
-m script -a '/opt/chens.sh &>/opt/1.txt' 192.168.169.30 | SUCCESS => {
"changed": true, "rc": 0, "stderr": "Shared connection to 192.168.169.30
closed.\r\n", "stderr_lines": [ "Shared connection to 192.168.169.30 closed." ],
"stdout": "", "stdout_lines": [] }
查看受控机上 1.txt 文件内容
[root@localhost opt]# ansible 192.168.169.30 -m shell -a 'cat /opt/1.txt'
192.168.169.30 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >> 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
ansible 常用的模块之template

template 模块用于生成一个模块，并可将其传输至远程主机上
下载一个163的yum源文件并开启此源
[root@ansible yum.repos.d]# curl -o 163.repo
http://mirrors.163.com/.help/CentOS7-Base-163.repo [root@localhost ~]# sed -i
's/\$releasever/7/g' /etc/yum.repos.d/163.repo [root@localhost ~]# sed -i
's/^enabled=.*/enabled=1/g' /etc/yum.repos.d/163.repo
将设置好的163源传到受控主机
[root@localhost ~]# ansible 192.168.169.30 -m template -a
'src=/etc/yum.repos.d/163.repo dest=/etc/yum.repos.d/163.repo' 192.168.169.30 |
SUCCESS => { "changed": true, "checksum":
"60b8868e0599489038710c45025fc11cbccf35f2", "dest": "/etc/yum.repos.d/163.repo",
"gid": 0, "group": "root", "md5sum": "5a3e688854d9ceccf327b953dab55b21", "mode":
"0644", "owner": "root", "secontext": "system_u:object_r:system_conf_t:s0",
"size": 1462, "src":
"/root/.ansible/tmp/ansible-tmp-1536590504.21-254921175936221/source", "state":
"file", "uid": 0 }
查看受控主机上是否有163源
[root@localhost ~]# ansible 192.168.169.30 -m raw -a 'ls
/etc/yum.repos.d/163.repo' 192.168.169.30 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >> /etc/yum.repos.d/
163.repo //存在 Shared connection to 192.168.169.30 closed.
ansible 常用模块之yum
yum模块用于在指定的节点机器上通过yum管理软件，其支持的参数主要有两个

* name：要管理的包名
* state ：要进行的操作
state 常用的值 :
latest : 安装软件
Installed：安装软件
present：安装软件
removed：卸载软件
absent：卸载软件

若想使用yum 来管理软件，请确保受控机上的yum源无异常
在ansible 主机上使用yum 模块在受控主机上安装vsftpd
[root@localhost ~]# [root@localhost ~]# ansible 192.168.169.30 -m yum -a
'name=vsftpd state=present' 192.168.169.30 | SUCCESS =>{ "changed": true,
"msg": "", "rc": 0, "results":[ "Loaded plugins: fastestmirror\nLoading mirror
speeds from cached hostfile\n * epel: mirrors.aliyun.com\nResolving Dependencies
\n--> Running transaction check\n---> Package vsftpd.x86_64 0:3.0.2-22.el7 will
be installed\n--> Finished Dependency Resolution\n\nDependencies Resolved\n\n
================================================================================
\n Package Arch Version Repository Size\n
================================================================================
\nInstalling:\n vsftpd x86_64 3.0.2-22.el7 base 169 k\n\nTransaction Summary\n
================================================================================
\nInstall 1 Package\n\nTotal download size: 169 k\nInstalled size: 348 k
\nDownloading packages:\nRunning transaction check\nRunning transaction test
\nTransaction test succeeded\nRunning transaction\n Installing :
vsftpd-3.0.2-22.el7.x86_64 1/1\n Verifying : vsftpd-3.0.2-22.el7.x86_64 1/1 \n
\nInstalled:\n vsftpd.x86_64 0:3.0.2-22.el7 \n\nComplete!\n" ] }
查看受控机上是否安装了vsftpd
[root@localhost ~]# ansible 192.168.169.30 -m raw -a 'rpm -qa|grep vsftpd'
192.168.169.30 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >> vsftpd-3.0.2-22.el7.x86_64 //已经安装完成 Shared
connection to192.168.169.30 closed.
ansible 常用模块之copy

cope模块用于复制文件至远程受控机
[root@localhost opt]# ls chens.sh [root@localhost opt]# ansible 192.168.169.30
-m copy -a 'src=/opt/chens.sh dest=/opt/cs.sh' 192.168.169.30 | SUCCESS => {
"changed": true, "checksum": "07114c9220f95ac72694c96d50dbdb7b746531a9", "dest":
"/opt/cs.sh", "gid": 0, "group": "root", "md5sum":
"0d4a455ae2476f1049d84874d8ffca60", "mode": "0644", "owner": "root", "secontext"
:"system_u:object_r:usr_t:s0", "size": 53, "src":
"/root/.ansible/tmp/ansible-tmp-1536591818.2-191526557384118/source", "state":
"file", "uid": 0 }
ansible 常用模块之group

group模块用于在受控机上添加或删除组
在受控机上添加一个系统组，gid为300，组名为mysql [root@localhost ~]# ansible 192.168.169.30 -m
group -a'name=mysql gid=300 state=present' 192.168.169.30 | SUCCESS => {
"changed": true, "gid": 300, "name": "mysql", "state": "present", "system":
false } [root@localhost ~]# ansible 192.168.169.30 -m raw -a 'grep mysql
/etc/group' 192.168.169.30 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >> mysql:x:300: //存在 Shared
connection to192.168.169.30 closed.
删除受控机上的mysql组
[root@localhost ~]# ansible 192.168.169.30 -m group -a 'name=mysql
state=absent' 192.168.169.30 | SUCCESS => { "changed": true, "name": "mysql",
"state": "absent" } [root@localhost ~]# ansible 192.168.169.30 -m raw -a 'grep
mysql /etc/group' 192.168.169.30 | FAILED | rc=1 >> Shared connection to 192.168
.169.30 closed. non-zero return code //表示已经删除
ansible 常用模块之user

user模块用于管理受控机上的用户账号
在受控机上添加一个系统用户，用户名为mysql，uid为300，其设置为shell 为/sbin/nologin无家目录
[root@localhost ~]# ansible 192.168.169.30 -m user -a 'name=mysql uid=300
system=yes create_home=no shell=/sbin/nologin state=present' 192.168.169.30 |
SUCCESS => { "changed": true, "comment": "", "create_home": false, "group": 300,
"home": "/home/mysql", "name": "mysql", "shell": "/sbin/nologin", "state":
"present", "system": true, "uid": 300 } [root@localhost ~]# ansible
192.168.169.30 -m shell -a 'grep mysql /etc/passwd' 192.168.169.30 | SUCCESS |
rc=0 >> mysql:x:300:300::/home/mysql:/sbin/nologin
修改用户的uid 为310
[root@localhost ~]# ansible 192.168.169.30 -m user -a 'name=mysql uid=310'
192.168.169.30 | SUCCESS => { "append": false, "changed": true, "comment": "",
"group": 300, "home": "/home/mysql", "move_home": false, "name": "mysql",
"shell": "/sbin/nologin", "state": "present", "uid": 310 }
删除受控机上的mysql 用户
[root@localhost ~]# ansible 192.168.169.30 -m user -a 'name=mysql state=absent'
192.168.169.30 | SUCCESS => { "changed": true, "force": false, "name": "mysql",
"remove": false, "state": "absent" }
ansible 常用的模块之 service

service 模块用于管理受控机上的服务
查看受控机上的vsftpd 服务是否启动
[root@localhost ~]# ansible 192.168.169.30 -m shell -a 'systemctl is-active
vsftpd' 192.168.169.30 | FAILED | rc=3 >> unknownnon-zero return code //关闭状态
启动受控机上的vsftpd
[root@localhost ~]# ansible 192.168.169.30 -m service -a 'name=vsftpd
state=started' 192.168.169.30 | SUCCESS => { "changed": true, "name": "vsftpd",
"state": "started", "status": { "ActiveEnterTimestampMonotonic": "0",
"ActiveExitTimestampMonotonic": "0", "ActiveState": "inactive", "After":
"network.target systemd-journald.socket basic.target system.slice",
"AllowIsolate": "no", .....此处省略 }
查看受控机上的vsftpd服务是否以启动
[root@localhost ~]# ansible 192.168.169.30 -m shell -a 'systemctl is-active
vsftpd' 192.168.169.30 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >> active //表示服务已经启动
停止受控机上的vsftpd服务
[root@localhost ~]# ansible 192.168.169.30 -m service -a 'name=vsftpd
state=stopped' 192.168.169.30 | SUCCESS => { "changed": true, "name": "vsftpd",
"state": "stopped", "status": { "ActiveEnterTimestamp": "Tue 2018-09-11
01:45:58 CST", "ActiveEnterTimestampMonotonic": "5418338591",
"ActiveExitTimestampMonotonic": "0", .....此处省略 }
查看vsftpd 状态
[root@localhost ~]# ansible 192.168.169.30 -m shell -a 'systemctl is-active
vsftpd' 192.168.169.30 | FAILED | rc=3 >> unknownnon-zero return code
ansible 获取帮助信息

ansible-doc-l 获取全部模块信息
[root@localhost ~]# ansible-doc -s ping //获取指定模块的帮助信息 - name: Try to connect to
host, verify a usable pythonand return `pong' on success ping: data: # Data to
return for the `ping' return value. If this parameter is set to `crash', the
module will cause an exception.
ansible 命令详解

ansible 命令参数 作用
-a 模块的参数如果执行默认就是command模块，就是命令参数
-k ,–ask-pass ask for SSH password 登录密码提示输入ssh密码，而不是假设基于密码的验证
-s 用于sudo
-m 执行模块的名字，如果不使用，默认就是command
-v 查看详细信息

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